{"id":1142,"date":"2010-10-13T23:17:01","date_gmt":"2010-10-13T23:17:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nethemba.com\/sk\/prednaska-samyho-kamkara-v-bratislave\/"},"modified":"2010-10-13T23:17:01","modified_gmt":"2010-10-13T23:17:01","slug":"prednaska-samyho-kamkara-v-bratislave","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nethemba.com\/sk\/prednaska-samyho-kamkara-v-bratislave\/","title":{"rendered":"Predn\u00e1\u0161ka Samyho Kamkara v Bratislave"},"content":{"rendered":"

Predv\u010derom sa v Bratislave v A4 uskuto\u010dnila skuto\u010dne zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 prezent\u00e1cia svetov\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho experta<\/a> organizovan\u00e1 na\u0161im hackerspaceom Progressbar. Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee i\u0161lo o skuto\u010dne unik\u00e1tnu prezent\u00e1ciu na slovensk\u00e9 pomery (kde sa aj t\u00ed najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i znalci bezpe\u010dnosti dozvedeli nov\u00e9 a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 veci), r\u00e1d by som tejto prezent\u00e1cii venoval p\u00e1r slov.<\/p>\n

Samy sa presl\u00e1vil dos\u0165 netradi\u010dne – publikovan\u00edm prv\u00e9ho XSS worma, ktor\u00fdm nainfikoval behom p\u00e1r hod\u00edn na myspace.com nieko\u013eko mili\u00f3nov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. I\u0161lo samozrejme len o jeho vtipn\u00fd pubert\u00e1lny pokus – worm zobrazoval ka\u017edej infikovanej obeti hl\u00e1\u0161ku „but most of all, Samy is my hero“. Napriek tomu, \u017ee Samy m\u00e1 moment\u00e1lne len 24 rokov, je to u\u017e ostrie\u013ean\u00fd profesion\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd sa bezpe\u010dnosti venuje u\u017e takmer 10 rokov.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zov jeho predn\u00e1\u0161ky bol vtipn\u00fd a trochu provokuj\u00faci – „How I Met Your Girlfriend“ so z\u00e1merom demon\u0161trova\u0165 \u00faplne nov\u00e9 druhy webov\u00fdch \u00fatokov s cie\u013eom stretn\u00fa\u0165 „Va\u0161u“ priate\u013eku.<\/p>\n

1 \u00datok na PHP session ID<\/h1>\n

Prv\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 Samyho prezent\u00e1cie bola venovan\u00e1 anal\u00fdze sp\u00f4sobu generovania PHP session ID ako aj anal\u00fdze mo\u017enosti zni\u017eovania jeho pr\u00edpadnej entropie v snahe realizova\u0165 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd \u00fatok na PHP session management hrubou silou a to v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase (!). Pri generovan\u00ed PHP session ID sa pou\u017e\u00edva 32-bitov\u00e1 IP adresa klienta, 32-bitov\u00e1 epocha (\u010das a d\u00e1tum pr\u00edstupu), 32-bitov\u00fd \u010das pr\u00edstupu (v mikrosekund\u00e1ch) a 64-bitov\u00e1 pseudon\u00e1hodna PRNG hodnota (lcg_value). V\u0161etky tieto inform\u00e1cie o ve\u013ekosti 160 bitov s\u00fa zahashovan\u00e9 funkciou SHA-1 a v\u00fdsledok predstavuje samotn\u00fd PHP session ID. Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee IP adresa a presn\u00fd \u010das\/d\u00e1tum sa posiela v ka\u017edej GET\/POST \u017eiadosti, \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dok\u00e1\u017ee uveden\u00fa entropiu zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 o 64 bitov. V pr\u00edpade mikrosek\u00fand existuje len mili\u00f3n kombin\u00e1cii (nako\u013eko 1 sekunda ma mili\u00f3n mikro sek\u00fand), tak\u017ee entropiu je mo\u017en\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 12 bitov. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 entropia je potom 84 bitov (redukovan\u00e1 o 74 bitov), \u010do st\u00e1le ale nesta\u010d\u00ed na \u00fatok hrubou silou. Samy analyzoval PHP funkciu lcg_seed(), ktor\u00e1 je vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 funkciou php_combined_lcg() a je zodpovedn\u00e1 za generovanie pseudon\u00e1hodnej 64-bitovej PRNG hodnoty. Pri\u0161iel na to, \u017ee v\u010faka chybe, kedy sa 32-bitov\u00e1 hodnota XORuje s 20-bitovou sa v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 entropia zni\u017euje o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 12 bitov. V\u010faka pou\u017eitiu 32-bitovej premennej pre 15-bitov\u00fd PID PHP procesu (ktor\u00fd generuje dan\u00fa nahodn\u00fa hodnotu a pou\u017e\u00edva sa v tejto PRNG funkcii) sa entropia d\u00e1 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 17 bitov, v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk m\u00e1 lok\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup na server alebo dok\u00e1\u017ee z PHP vola\u0165 funkciu getmypid(), tak dok\u00e1\u017ee entropiu zni\u017ei\u0165 e\u0161te aj o t\u00fdchto 15 bitov. V ide\u00e1lnom pr\u00edpade sa celkov\u00e1 entropia PHP session ID d\u00e1 zni\u017ei\u0165 z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch 160 bitov na 40. Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte 64-bitovej pseudon\u00e1hodnej PRNG hodnoty lcg_value sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tie\u017e mikrosekundy, ktor\u00fdch entropia je len 12 bitov namiesto 32, je mo\u017en\u00e9 t\u00fato entropiu zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 20 bitov. Suma sum\u00e1rum – v\u00fdsledn\u00fa entropiu je teda mo\u017en\u00e9 zo 160-bitov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 len na 20 bitov, \u010do predstavuje len mili\u00f3n (1048576) mo\u017enost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u017e daj\u00fa samozrejme vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 hrubou silou v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase. A \u010do to v praxi znamen\u00e1? \u017de v\u0161etky verzie PHP star\u0161ie ako 5.3.2 s\u00fa na uveden\u00fd \u00fatok zranite\u013en\u00e9 a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie je pou\u017ei\u0165 nov\u0161iu verziu PHP (aktu\u00e1lna opraven\u00e1 verzia PHP je 5.3.3). Samotn\u00fd koncept \u00fatoku je k dispoz\u00edcii tu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2 NAT Pinning: Protocol confusion<\/h1>\n

NAT pinning predstavuje \u010fal\u0161\u00ed zauj\u00edmav\u00fd \u00fatok na v\u0161etky firewally, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa NAT a povo\u013euj\u00fa tzv. „related“ spojenia (to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee firewall je schopn\u00fd analyzova\u0165 napr\u00edklad riadiace ftp spojenie a na z\u00e1klade neho povoli\u0165 TCP prestup pre pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 ftp d\u00e1tov\u00e9 spojenie, resp. analyzova\u0165 irc spojenie a v pr\u00edpade potreby povoli\u0165 TCP prestup pre DCC).<\/p>\n

Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee HTTP servery m\u00f4\u017eu principi\u00e1lne be\u017ea\u0165 na \u013eubovo\u013enom TCP porte, je mo\u017en\u00e9 odosla\u0165 na dan\u00fd port jednoduch\u00fd POST formul\u00e1r (napr\u00edklad cez AJAX), ktor\u00fd nako\u013eko je „newline-based“, tak dok\u00e1\u017ee prirodzene komunikova\u0165 so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi textov\u00fdmi „newline-based“ protokolmi ako je telnet, ftp, smtp, irc at\u010f.<\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 na tomto nie je len to, \u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk prin\u00faten\u00edm obete kliknut\u00edm na linku a zaslan\u00edm tak\u00e9hoto formul\u00e1ra ju dok\u00e1\u017ee bez jej vedomia prihl\u00e1si\u0165 na \u013eubovo\u013en\u00fd irc server, telnet server \u010di in\u00fd textov\u00fd „newline-based“ server, ale hlavne to, \u017ee sa dok\u00e1\u017ee opakovane cez viacn\u00e1sobne zasielanie tak\u00e9hoto formul\u00e1ru prihlasova\u0165 na nejak\u00fd vonkaj\u0161\u00ed ftp server a v takto vytv\u00e1ran\u00fdch riadiacich ftp spojeniach enumerova\u0165 v\u0161etky porty pre po\u017eadovan\u00e9 d\u00e1tov\u00e9 ftp spojenia tak, \u017ee samotn\u00fd firewall s NATom, ktor\u00fd podporuje „related“ spojenie postupne vytvor\u00ed TCP prestupy na firewalle pre v\u0161etky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 porty zvonku na klientsk\u00fa ma\u0161inu obete v intranete! Ak dan\u00e1 obe\u0165 na svojom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di nepou\u017e\u00edva lok\u00e1lny firewall a m\u00e1 spusten\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo neudr\u017eiavan\u00fdch alebo inak nezabezpe\u010den\u00fdch slu\u017eieb (ako napr\u00edklad SMB server alebo lok\u00e1lny webov\u00fd server), tak \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dok\u00e1\u017ee kompletne prerazi\u0165 dan\u00fd firewall a realizova\u0165 portscan z Internetu priamo na porty intranetov\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da a samozrejme jeho pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 odhalen\u00e9 zranite\u013en\u00e9 slu\u017eby zneu\u017ei\u0165. „Proof-of-concept“ tohto \u00fatoku je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 na Samyho str\u00e1nk<\/a>e<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Samy tie\u017e demon\u0161troval, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 realizova\u0165 „overflow“ na \u010d\u00edsla cie\u013eov\u00fdch portov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v niektor\u00fdch prehliada\u010doch zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 a pristupova\u0165 napr\u00edklad na port 65536 + 6667, \u010d\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 ob\u00eds\u0165 pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 ochrany prehliada\u010da, ktor\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa priamo cie\u013eov\u00fd port 6667.<\/p>\n

Rie\u0161enie vo\u010di tomuto \u00fatoku je nastavi\u0165 striktn\u00fd firewall tak, aby nepovo\u013eoval „related“ spojenia a na strane klienta pok\u00fdm je to mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eiva\u0165 NoScript plugin a ma\u0165 zapnut\u00fd lok\u00e1lny firewall, ktor\u00fd znemo\u017en\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi, ktor\u00fd preraz\u00ed cez firewall, pristupova\u0165 na porty danej klientskej stanice.<\/p>\n

3 Google geolocation pomocou XSS<\/h1>\n

Posledn\u00e1 pre m\u0148a najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ia t\u00e9ma, ktorej sa Samy venoval bola fyzick\u00e1 lokaliz\u00e1cia \u013eud\u00ed cez XSS zranite\u013enosti ich dom\u00e1cich wifi routerov. Ak si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee ide o \u017eart, tak odpor\u00fa\u010dam V\u00e1m otvori\u0165 nasleduj\u00facu str\u00e1nku<\/a> a zada\u0165 MAC adresu V\u00e1\u0161ho wifi routera. Sk\u00fasil som zada\u0165 svoju MAC adresu m\u00f4jho dom\u00e1ceho wifi routera ako aj MAC adresu wifi routerov mojich klientov a Google s presnos\u0165ou na p\u00e1r desiatok metrov presne zobrazil, kde sa dan\u00fd wifi router fyzicky nach\u00e1dza! Prizn\u00e1m sa, \u017ee toto zistenie ma vyslovene vy\u0161okovalo. P\u00fdtate sa – a ako sa to d\u00e1 zneu\u017ei\u0165? Ve\u013emi jednoducho – sta\u010d\u00ed, ke\u010f webov\u00e9 rozhranie V\u00e1\u0161ho dom\u00e1ceho routera obsahuje XSS zranite\u013enos\u0165 (\u010do je v pr\u00edpade wifi routerov celkom be\u017en\u00e1 vec) alebo pou\u017e\u00edva „default“ login a heslo (ve\u013ea \u013eud\u00ed si nastav\u00ed siln\u00fd WPA2 k\u013e\u00fa\u010d, ale nastavi\u0165 siln\u00e9 heslo k admin rozhraniu svojhou wifi routera zabudn\u00fa). V oboch pr\u00edpadoch \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dok\u00e1\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 MAC adresu V\u00e1\u0161ho routera, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvate, zasla\u0165 ju cez ofici\u00e1lnu (nijako nelimitovan\u00fa) Google slu\u017ebu a okam\u017eite z\u00edska va\u0161e presn\u00e9 GPS koordin\u00e1ty, kde sa fyzicky nach\u00e1dzate. Na demon\u0161tr\u00e1ciu priklad\u00e1m XSS odkaz s injektovan\u00fdm javascriptom<\/a>, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi z\u00edska\u0165 MAC adresu zranite\u013en\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho rozhrania Verizon FiOS Routera.<\/b><\/p>\n

Na mieste je ot\u00e1zka – odkia\u013e m\u00e1 Google zoznamy v\u0161etk\u00fdch wifi siet\u00ed s MAC adresami a pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi GPS koordin\u00e1tmi po celom svete?<\/p>\n

Samozrejme z viacer\u00fdch zdrojov (Google aut\u00ed\u010dka, ktor\u00e9 mapuj\u00fa a fotia ulice, r\u00f4zni dobrovo\u013en\u00edci, ktor\u00ed so \u0161peci\u00e1lnou aplik\u00e1ciou v telef\u00f3ne pom\u00e1haj\u00fa vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 Google Maps, ..), ale o jednom najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161om a zrejme najspo\u013eahlivej\u0161om zdroji Google mapovania som ale nevedel – \u00e1no, s\u00fa to v\u0161etky Android telef\u00f3ny v \u0161tandardnej konfigur\u00e1ci\u00ed! Znie to mo\u017eno \u0161okuj\u00faco, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd vlastn\u00edk Android telef\u00f3nu je Google agent<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd scanuje v svojom okol\u00ed v\u0161etky wifi siete (jedno \u010di s\u00fa \u0161ifrovan\u00e9 alebo nie) a MAC adresy wifi AP (zachyten\u00fdch beacon r\u00e1mcov posielan\u00fdch broadcastom z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho AP v okol\u00ed) posiela rovno do Google, ktor\u00fd si na z\u00e1klade toho vytv\u00e1ra \u00faplne dokonal\u00fa mapu. Toto spr\u00e1vanie ide zrejme v Android telef\u00f3ne vypn\u00fa\u0165 (Settings \/ Location \/ Use wireless networks), v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina be\u017en\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov tohto telef\u00f3nu to ale ur\u010dite nesprav\u00ed, tak\u017ee vlastn\u00edci Google Androidu bud\u00fa na\u010falej \u00faspe\u0161ne pom\u00e1ha\u0165 Google v mapovan\u00ed wifi ter\u00e9nu… Viac inform\u00e1cii Android is Google\u2019s Agent Smith.<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver Samyho predn\u00e1\u0161ky bol smutn\u00fd a v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd – YOUR PRIVACY IS DEAD.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Linky na Samyho predn\u00e1\u0161ku z tohtoro\u010dn\u00e9ho Blackhatu:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XQcW1zYiqdU<\/a>
\nhttp:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Mi1Z2iJZPs4<\/a>
\nhttp:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jMWEZn1_O3Y<\/a>
\nhttp:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kS4MFq3QDS4<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Predv\u010derom sa v Bratislave v A4 uskuto\u010dnila skuto\u010dne zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 prezent\u00e1cia svetov\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho experta organizovan\u00e1 na\u0161im hackerspaceom Progressbar. Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee i\u0161lo o skuto\u010dne unik\u00e1tnu prezent\u00e1ciu na slovensk\u00e9 pomery (kde sa aj t\u00ed najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i znalci bezpe\u010dnosti dozvedeli nov\u00e9 a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 veci), r\u00e1d by som tejto prezent\u00e1cii venoval p\u00e1r slov. Samy sa presl\u00e1vil dos\u0165 netradi\u010dne – […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[426,427,428,429],"class_list":["post-1142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized-sk","tag-geolocation-sk","tag-google-sk","tag-nat-pinning-sk","tag-samy-kamkar-sk"],"yoast_head":"\nPredn\u00e1\u0161ka Samyho Kamkara v Bratislave - Nethemba<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nethemba.com\/sk\/prednaska-samyho-kamkara-v-bratislave\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Predn\u00e1\u0161ka Samyho Kamkara v Bratislave - Nethemba\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Predv\u010derom sa v Bratislave v A4 uskuto\u010dnila skuto\u010dne zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 prezent\u00e1cia svetov\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho experta organizovan\u00e1 na\u0161im hackerspaceom Progressbar. 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